Posts Tagged ‘muscle’

Statins Against Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease Drugs

Thursday, August 5th, 2010

Statins Against Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease Drugs

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) include:

  • Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
  • Fluvastatin (Lescol)
  • Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
  • Lovastatin (Mevacor)
  • Pravastatin (Pravachol)
  • Simvastatin (Zocor)

How Do These Drugs Work?

Statins are a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit the enzyme called hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), which is involved in the manufacturing of cholesterol in the liver. They also reduce arterial inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.

What Are The Benefits?

  • LDL cholesterol reduced 18 to 55 percent
  • HDL cholesterol increased 5 to 15 percent
  • Triglycerides reduced 7 to 30 percent

There is a decreased risk of dying when statins are given in the hospital after a heart attack, and a reduction in the long-term death rate. These medications have also been shown to reduce inflammation.

Potential Side Effects?

The most common side effects are headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, rash, weakness, muscle and joint pain, and increased liver enzymes. The most serious (but fortunately rare) side effects are liver failure and rhabdomyolysis, a serious side effect in which there is damage to muscles. Statins should not be used by pregnant women or nursing mothers.
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Anxiety Drugs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Friday, June 11th, 2010

Anxiety Drugs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

  • Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
  • Phenelzine (Nardil)
  • Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

HOW DO THESE DRUGS WORK?

This group of antidepressants has been used since the 1950s. They increase the brain’s level of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine. They do this by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase that breaks down norepinephrine. Thus the amount of norepinephrine in the brain is increased.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

This class of drug can relieve depression as well as panic disorder and social phobias.

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

  • Blurred vision or change in vision
  • Constipation or diarrhea
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Drowsiness or dizziness
  • Dry mouth
  • Increased appetite; weight increase
  • Increased sensitivity to sunlight
  • Muscle aches or pains, trembling
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Swelling of the feet or legs
  • Tiredness or weakness

MAJOR CAUTIONS

MAOIs can impair the ability to break down tyramine, an amino acid found in aged cheese, wines, most nuts, chocolate, and some other foods. Like norepinephrine, tyramine can elevate blood pressure. MAOIs are not as commonly prescribed as other antidepressants. Other possible side effects are:

  • Agitation, excitability, restlessness, or nervousness
  • Chest pain
  • Confusion or changes in mental state
  • Convulsions or seizures (uncommon)
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Difficulty passing urine
  • Enlarged pupils, sensitivity of the eyes to light
  • Fever, clammy skin, increased sweating
  • Headache or increased blood pressure
  • Light-headedness or fainting spells
  • Muscle or neck stiffness or spasm
  • Slow, fast, or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
  • Sore throat and fever
  • Yellowing of the skin or eyes

KNOWN DRUG INTERACTIONS

MAOIs can interact with over-the-counter cold and cough medications to cause dangerously high blood pressure.

FOOD OR SUPPLEMENT INTERACTIONS

  • Aspartame
  • Ephedra
  • Scotch broom
  • St. John’s wort
  • Tyramine-containing foods

NUTRIENT DEPLETION/IMBALANCE

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Antacid and Reflux Drugs: Pro-motility Drugs

Tuesday, April 27th, 2010

Antacid and Reflux Drugs: Pro-motility Drugs

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

HOW DOES THIS DRUG WORK?

Metoclopramide (Reglan) is one in the class of pro-motility drugs approved for GERD. It works by mildly increasing the pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter, which strengthens contractions of the esophagus and speeds up emptying of the stomach. All these actions are thought to reduce reflux. It is most effective when taken 30 minutes before meals.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

This drug reduces symptoms of GERD. It is not very effective for treating the symptoms of GERD, however, and is usually prescribed as an addition to other GERD medications or for those who do not respond to common GERD medications.

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Dry mouth
- Restlessness
- Involuntary movements of the eyes/face/limbs
- Muscle spasms
- Trembling of the hands
- Personality changes such as depression or thoughts of suicide
- High fever
- Sweating
- Muscle stiffness
- Confusion
- Unusually fast heartbeat

MAJOR CAUTIONS (more…)

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Allergy Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

Wednesday, March 3rd, 2010

Allergy Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

Montelukast granules (Singulair granules)
Montelukast (Singulair)

HOW DO THESE DRUGS WORK?

These medications block the action or production of inflammatory compounds known as leukotrienes. These compounds are normally released during infection or an allergic response.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

They reduce allergy symptoms and are safer than steroids for long-term use by those with asthma caused by allergies.

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS

- Cough
- Insomnia
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Headache
- Heartburn
- Hoarseness or sore throat
- Indigestion or stomach upset
- Muscle aches or cramps
- Nausea
- Runny nose
- Unusual dreams

MAJOR CAUTIONS (more…)

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